How to Trim Your Rabbit Nails: A Quick and Easy Step-by-Step Guide

Trimming your rabbit’s nails is an important part of their grooming routine. Overgrown nails can cause discomfort and even lead to health problems, such as injury or infection.

In this blog post, we will explore how to trim your rabbit’s nails. We will discuss the importance of proper nail trimming techniques and the necessary tools for the job.

We will also cover tips for preparing your bunny for nail trimming and how to handle any potential issues.

By understanding how to trim your rabbit’s nails, you can ensure their comfort and well-being. So, let’s hop right in and discover how to trim your rabbit’s nails.

Understanding Rabbit Nails

Rabbit nails are quite different from human nails. They require proper care and attention to ensure the health and comfort of your pet rabbit.

Knowing the structure and functions of rabbit nails is essential for proper trimming and maintenance.

Rabbit nails are made up of two main parts: the nail itself and the quick. The quick is the part of the nail that contains nerves and blood vessels.

It’s essential to avoid cutting the quick when trimming your rabbit’s nails, as doing so can cause pain and bleeding. Overgrown nails can cause a rabbit discomfort and may even lead to injury or infection.

Differentiating the quick from the nail: The quick is the part of the nail that contains the vein and nerves.

It’s generally easy to identify in light-colored nails, as it appears as a pinkish area extending into the nail.

However, for dark-colored nails, it can be more challenging to locate. Shining a flashlight behind the nails can help you identify the quick in such cases.

Overgrown nails: Rabbit nails grow continuously, just like their teeth. If left untrimmed, overgrown nails can make it difficult for your rabbit to walk or hop. In some cases, the nails can even curl and grow into the rabbit’s paw pads, causing severe pain and possible infection.

Trimming tips: When trimming your rabbit’s nails, it’s essential to use the appropriate tools, such as guillotine-style or scissor-style nail clippers designed for small animals.

Hold your rabbit securely and use your fingers to gently separate each nail, providing a clear view of the area you need to clip.

Make sure to only cut the tip of the nails and avoid cutting the quick. If you accidentally clip the quick and bleeding occurs, apply a styptic powder or cornstarch to the affected nail to stop the bleeding.

In conclusion, understanding your rabbit’s nails and the proper technique for trimming them is crucial to ensure their well-being.

Regular nail maintenance will help prevent discomfort, injury, and infection in your beloved pet.

Remember to be cautious and avoid cutting the quick, as this may cause pain and bleeding. By following these guidelines, you can keep your rabbit happy, healthy and comfortable.

How often to trim your rabbit’s nails

Regular nail trimming is essential for your rabbit’s health and well-being. The ideal frequency to trim your rabbit’s nails depends on several factors, such as their activity level, the type of surface they live on, and their natural nail growth rate.

Generally, it’s a good idea to check your rabbit’s nails every 4 to 6 weeks. This provides a good estimate of how frequently they may require trimming.

However, it’s essential to monitor your pet’s nails closely for signs of overgrowth or splitting, as some rabbits may need more frequent nail care.

Paying attention to your rabbit’s behavior can also give you clues. If your rabbit is having difficulty walking, slipping, or experiencing discomfort during play, it may be time for a nail trim.

By maintaining a consistent nail care routine, you can prevent problems such as overgrown nails curling into the rabbit’s foot pad, which can cause pain and infection.

In terms of materials, ensure that you have a pair of small animal nail clippers, some styptic powder or cornstarch to stop bleeding (in case you accidentally cut the quick), and a towel or blanket to help hold your rabbit securely during the process.

Remember to approach nail trimming with a calm and confident demeanor to help your rabbit feel at ease.

Taking the time to frequently check on your rabbit’s nails and having a regular trimming schedule can help maintain their overall health.

As you become more familiar with your rabbit’s specific needs and growth patterns, you’ll be able to better determine an appropriate nail trimming routine for your pet.

Tools Needed for Trimming

When it comes to trimming your rabbit’s nails, having the right tools on hand will make the process more efficient and less stressful for both you and your furry friend.

Here are the essential items you’ll need for a successful nail trimming session:

1. Nail Clippers: Animal nail clippers, specifically designed for small animals like rabbits, are crucial for achieving a clean, safe cut. Look for a pair of sharp, durable clippers that fit comfortably in your hand. Guillotine-style clippers and scissor-style clippers work well for trimming rabbit nails.

2. Towel: A soft towel can help keep your rabbit calm and restrained while you trim their nails. Wrap your bunny snugly in the towel, exposing only the paw you’re working on.

3. Styptic Powder or Cornstarch: Accidents can happen, and it’s possible to accidentally cut the quick (the blood vessel inside the nail) while trimming. Having styptic powder or cornstarch on hand can help clot the wound and stop the bleeding quickly.

4. Flashlight or Good Lighting: Being able to clearly see your rabbit’s nails, especially the quick, is essential for safe trimming. A small flashlight or a well-lit area can make this task much easier.

5. Emery Board or Nail File: After trimming the nails, using an emery board or nail file can help smooth out any rough edges and prevent your rabbit from getting snagged on fabrics or other surfaces.

Now that you know which tools are needed, setting up a comfortable workspace and gathering your supplies will help you approach nail trimming with confidence.

Remember to always handle your rabbit gently, and reward them with a small treat after the trimming session to encourage positive associations with the process.

With these tools and a little practice, you’ll be able to keep your rabbit’s nails well-maintained and comfortable for your furry friend.

Preparatory Steps for Trimming

Before you begin trimming your rabbit’s nails, it’s essential to gather all the necessary grooming supplies and ensure both you and your pet are calm and comfortable.

Having a well-lit, quiet space to work can help keep your rabbit at ease. Make sure you have a pair of sharp, small animal nail clippers and styptic powder or cornstarch on hand in case of bleeding.

Start by gently picking up your rabbit, supporting their back and hind legs with one hand while placing your other hand under their chest.

Hold your rabbit firmly but gently against your body in a secure and comfortable position.

If you’re not comfortable holding your pet or if your rabbit is particularly anxious or squirmy, having a partner to help restrain and comfort your rabbit is a good idea.

Once your rabbit is settled, it’s time to prepare for the actual nail trimming process. Examine each of their paws, checking for any cracked or broken nails that might require extra care during trimming.

Familiarize yourself with the rabbit’s nail structure, looking for the quick, which is the blood supply within the nail. This will help you avoid cutting into it and causing unnecessary pain or bleeding.

Gently press on your rabbit’s toes to extend each nail fully, making it easier to work with.

If your rabbit has dark nails that make it difficult to see the quick, use a bright light source for better visibility or take extra caution to only trim small amounts at a time, gradually working your way back.

Now that you’ve prepared your rabbit and yourself, you’re well-equipped to begin the nail trimming process.

By following these preparatory steps, you’re fostering a safe and calm environment to efficiently and effectively groom your rabbit, contributing to their overall health and well-being.

Recognize The Quick

Trimming your rabbit’s nails is an essential part of their grooming routine. One of the most important aspects of this process is recognizing the quick, which is the vein that runs through each nail.

It is crucial to avoid cutting the quick, as doing so can cause pain and bleeding. In this section, we will focus on how to recognize the quick in your rabbit’s nails and trim them safely.

The quick can usually be seen as a darker or pinker part within the nail, as it contains blood vessels. In rabbits with lighter nails, the quick is often easier to visualize as it contrasts against the translucent part of the nail.

However, if your rabbit has darker nails, identifying the quick may be more challenging. In these cases, using a flashlight to shine a light through their nails can help by illuminating the blood vessels.

Before you begin, gather all necessary tools and supplies, including a pair of rabbit nail clippers, a flashlight, and some styptic powder or cornstarch in case of accidental bleeding.

Position your rabbit comfortably on your lap or a flat surface and gently hold their paw in your hand. By applying slight pressure to the tips of their toes, you’ll be able to further expose the nail and locate the quick more easily.

While cutting, focus on trimming the thin, white tip of the nail and avoiding the pink area where the quick resides.

If you accidentally nick the quick, don’t panic – apply styptic powder or cornstarch to the affected nail to help stop the bleeding.

Keep in mind that the more you trim your rabbit’s nails, the more comfortable you’ll become with the process, and the easier it will be to identify the quick.

Remember, regular nail trims are essential for your rabbit’s overall health and well-being, so it’s crucial to become familiar with the process and confident in your ability to recognize the quick.

With practice and patience, you’ll be able to keep your rabbit’s nails in check and ensure their comfort and happiness.

A Step-By-Step Guide to Nail Trimming

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Trimming your rabbit’s nails can be a bit daunting, but with a step-by-step guide, it becomes a manageable and essential task for your pet’s health.

This guide will walk you through the process of nail trimming to keep your rabbit comfortable and well-groomed.

1. Gather the necessary tools and materials: You will need a pair of rabbit-appropriate nail clippers, such as the scissor type or pet-specific clipper, a small flashlight or penlight, and a styptic pencil or cornstarch to stop any bleeding in case the quick is accidentally cut.

2. Prepare your rabbit for the trimming process: Begin trimming your rabbit’s nails when they are calm and relaxed. Hold your rabbit firmly but gently, either on your lap or on a flat surface with a towel to prevent slipping. Ensure that your rabbit is comfortable and secure before proceeding.

3. Identify the quick in your rabbit’s nails: Before trimming, locate the quick – the blood supply inside the nail. The quick is typically visible as a darker or pinkish line inside the translucent nail. Be cautious not to cut the quick, as it may cause pain, bleeding, and potential infection. Use the flashlight to help illuminate the quick if needed.

4. Begin trimming the nails: Start with one of your rabbit’s front paws. Hold the paw gently between your thumb and index finger, spreading the toes slightly apart. Carefully cut the nail tip above the quick, at a slight angle parallel to the natural curve of the nail. Repeat this process for all nails on the front paw, including the dewclaw if your rabbit has one. Remember to take your time and work patiently.

5. Trim the back feet: Trimming the nails of the back paws follows the same process as the front paws. Take extra care when handling the back feet since rabbits tend to be more sensitive in this area. Be gentle, and remember to keep a firm grip on your rabbit as they may become more restless at this stage.

6. Monitor for any bleeding: If you accidentally cut the quick, don’t panic. Apply styptic powder or gently press the cornstarch against the nail to stop the bleeding. Reassure your rabbit and give them a break before resuming the nail trimming process.

Congratulations! You’ve successfully trimmed your rabbit’s nails. Regular nail trimming every 4-6 weeks will help keep your rabbit’s nails in optimal shape and contribute to their overall health and well-being.

Dealing with Neglected Nails

If you notice that your rabbit’s nails have become overgrown, it’s crucial to address the issue as soon as possible.

Overgrown nails can lead to pain, discomfort, and even more serious health problems such as sore hocks or infection.

In this section, we’ll guide you on how to deal with neglected nails and maintain your rabbit’s nail health.

First, understand that rabbits can experience discomfort or pain due to excessively long nails. They may have difficulty walking or become prone to accidents.

Moreover, overgrown nails can lead to sore hocks and other health problems that may require the attention of a veterinarian. It’s essential to check and trim your rabbit’s nails regularly to prevent these issues.

When you notice overgrown nails, schedule a time to trim them. You can either do it yourself or seek professional help from a veterinarian who is experienced in rabbit care.

If you opt to trim the nails yourself, ensure that you have the right tools, such as small animal nail clippers and styptic powder to stop bleeding in case you accidentally cut the quick (the blood vessel within the nail).

While trimming the nails, hold your rabbit gently but firmly to keep them secure. It’s essential to stay calm and patient during the process as rabbits can sense your stress, making them more difficult to handle.

Carefully trim each nail without cutting the quick – you should be able to see it as a pinkish line within the nail if your rabbit has light-colored nails.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and a clean environment for your rabbit is another important aspect of preventing overgrown nails.

Provide ample opportunities for your rabbit to wear down their nails naturally through exercise, playing, and digging. Keep their living space clean, and have a regular grooming schedule.

In conclusion, dealing with neglected nails is crucial for your rabbit’s overall health and well-being.

Regularly checking and trimming their nails ensures they remain comfortable, pain-free, and healthy. If you’re unsure or have any concerns, don’t hesitate to consult with your veterinarian for support and guidance.

Dealing with Nail-Bleeding

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While trimming your rabbit’s nails, it’s not uncommon for accidental cuts to occur. If you happen to cut the nails too short and cause bleeding, don’t panic.

Stay calm and follow these steps to effectively deal with nail-bleeding.

First, have styptic powder or cornstarch nearby before you start trimming your rabbit’s nails. If bleeding occurs, you can quickly apply one of these products to the affected area.

Both styptic powder and cornstarch help stop bleeding by promoting clot formation and reducing blood flow.

To apply the styptic powder or cornstarch to the bleeding nail, you can use a cotton swab or your finger.

Press the powder gently but firmly onto the nail tip where the bleeding is occurring. Hold it there for a few seconds to let the blood clot.

In case you don’t have styptic powder or cornstarch available, you can use other household items, such as flour or baking soda, as a temporary solution to control the bleeding.

Next, apply pressure to the injured nail. Hold the rabbit’s paw firmly but gently between your fingers, applying pressure to the bleeding area for a minute or two. This will help reduce blood flow and encourage the blood to clot faster.

Once the bleeding has stopped, keep an eye on the affected nail for any signs of infection or further complications.

Monitor your rabbit’s behavior and be sure to provide a clean, comfortable environment for them to rest. Always reach out to your veterinarian if you have concerns or questions about your rabbit’s nail health.

Remember that accidents can happen, even for the most experienced rabbit owners. It’s essential to remain calm and confident in dealing with nail-bleeding situations, always having the necessary tools on hand to manage these incidents effectively.

Holding and Restraining Your Rabbit

To trim your rabbit’s nails, the first step is holding and restraining them properly. Holding your rabbit firmly yet gently is crucial to make them feel secure and comfortable.

Start by placing one hand underneath the rabbit’s chest and using the other hand to support their hindquarters. Make sure you have a good grip on their back, but avoid pressing down on the spine.

Rabbits can be easily startled, so try to restrain them in a calm and quiet environment. Gently position the rabbit on its back, either in your lap or on a padded surface. This is known as the trancing technique and can help to keep them relaxed during the nail trimming process.

However, be cautious not to put too much pressure on their chest or squeeze too tightly, which could cause discomfort or distress.

Remember to always maintain a firm grip on your rabbit while trimming their nails. If they become agitated or try to escape, securely hold their body close to yours and gently resume the restraining position. Speak to your rabbit calmly to provide reassurance, helping them feel at ease.

By following these steps, you will be able to hold and restrain your rabbit effectively, making the nail trimming process easier and safer for both you and your furry friend. Practice using this technique to ensure that it becomes a stress-free experience for your rabbit.

Post-Trimming Care and Rewards

After trimming your rabbit’s nails, it’s essential to observe their behavior and ensure they’re comfortable.

Gently massage the paws for a few moments to help ease any stress that may have built up during the process. If you notice any signs of discomfort or bleeding, apply a styptic powder to stop the bleeding and prevent infection.

Offering your pet rabbit a treat as a reward is an excellent way to reinforce positive behavior and create an association between nail trimming and a pleasant outcome.

Choose a healthy snack, such as a small piece of fruit or leafy greens, to show them that they’ve done a good job. Remember, moderation is key when it comes to treats; overfeeding can lead to health issues.

In addition to treats, another form of positive reinforcement is providing attention and affection. Spending time petting and cuddling your rabbit after nail trimming helps to build trust and strengthen the bond between you both, making future grooming sessions more manageable.

Practicing new tricks or engaging in playtime after nail trimming can also be a fun way for your rabbit to release energy and focus on something enjoyable. There are many tricks to teach your rabbit that can be both mentally stimulating and entertaining for both of you.

In conclusion, providing proper post-trimming care for your pet rabbit is essential to ensure their comfort and wellbeing.

Remember to be patient and consistent in your approach, using positive reinforcement through treats, affection, and engaging activities to make the experience as enjoyable as possible for both you and your rabbit.

Professional Care

When it comes to trimming your rabbit’s nails, consulting a professional like a vet or an experienced groomer is highly recommended.

A seasoned veterinarian can examine your rabbit and assess whether their nails require trimming and provide useful advice on how to maintain your rabbit’s overall health. Additionally, they have the necessary tools and experience to carry out the nail trimming process safely and efficiently.

If you choose to go to a groomer, ensure they are specialized in handling rabbits and have a good reputation among rabbit owners.

Since rabbits can be more delicate than other pets, finding a groomer with experience in handling rabbits is crucial to ensure your pet’s safety and comfort during the nail trimming process.

As a responsible rabbit owner, be sure to provide the groomer with any necessary information regarding your pet’s health, behavior, and previous nail care experiences.

An important aspect of rabbit nail care is having a well-prepared first aid kit handy, which should contain items like styptic powder, antiseptic solutions, and gauze pads.

In case of minor accidents or injuries during nail trimming, these essential supplies will help you address the issue promptly and effectively.

In conclusion, seeking professional assistance can greatly benefit both you and your rabbit in terms of proper nail care and overall well-being.

Take the time to research and find a trusted veterinarian or groomer specializing in rabbits to ensure safe and comfortable nail trimming experiences for your beloved pet.

Maintaining a Regular Grooming Routine

As a rabbit owner, it’s important to establish and maintain a regular grooming routine. This not only includes brushing your rabbit’s fur but also taking care of their nails. Trimming your rabbit’s nails on a regular basis is essential for their overall health and well-being.

To start, you should get your rabbit accustomed to being handled. This will make the nail trimming process easier for both you and your pet.

Begin by gently holding and petting your rabbit daily, gradually increasing the duration of these sessions. Over time, your rabbit will become more comfortable with being touched and held.

When it’s time to trim your rabbit’s nails, gather the necessary tools, such as a small animal nail clipper and styptic powder or cornstarch (in case of any bleeding).

It’s also helpful to have a towel on hand to help secure your rabbit and prevent them from wiggling too much during the process.

First, secure your rabbit in the towel, leaving one of their paws exposed. This will help keep your rabbit calm and prevent them from kicking or moving too much while you trim their nails. Then, gently hold the paw and spread the toes slightly to expose the nails.

Before you start clipping, it’s important to identify the quick, which is the blood vessel inside the nail. Avoid cutting into the quick, as this will cause pain and bleeding.

In light-colored nails, the quick is usually visible as a pink or red line through the nail. For darker nails, you may need to shine a light through the nail to locate the quick.

Carefully trim each nail, cutting just past the quick to avoid causing any pain or injury. If your rabbit has long nails, it’s best to trim them in small increments, checking the quick after each cut.

After trimming the nails on one paw, give your rabbit a break and reward them with a treat before moving on to the next paw.

Trimming your rabbit’s nails should be done every 4 to 6 weeks, depending on how quickly their nails grow.

Regularly monitoring and maintaining the length of your rabbit’s nails will prevent overgrowth, which can lead to discomfort and potential health issues, such as ingrown nails or foot infections.

By establishing a consistent grooming routine and trimming your rabbit’s nails on a regular basis, you can help ensure that your pet stays happy, healthy, and comfortable.

Handling Difficulties in Trimming

Trimming your rabbit’s nails can be a struggle, especially if you’re new to the process or your rabbit is nervous and squirmy. It’s essential to approach this challenge with patience and a clear understanding of how to handle small animals.

First and foremost, make sure you have a secure grip on your rabbit but be gentle at the same time. Hold them firmly enough to prevent sudden movements but not tight enough to cause discomfort.

It might help to have a second person with you to either hold the rabbit or trim the nails while you hold them.

Rabbits might get more nervous when they see and feel the clippers, making the task even more challenging.

To minimize the struggle, you can introduce the clippers to your rabbit before actually trimming their nails.

Allow them to sniff and explore the clippers while giving them a treat. Associating the clippers with a positive experience can reduce their nervousness during the trimming process.

When it comes to trimming, take your time and clip small portions of each nail in one sitting. Avoid cutting too close to the quick, as it can cause pain and bleeding.

If your rabbit’s nails are dark and you can’t see the quick, you can use a flashlight to help identify it. In case you accidentally clip the quick, have styptic powder on hand to stop the bleeding.

Remember that patience is key when dealing with small animals like rabbits. They can sense your frustration, and it can make them even more anxious.

Try to stay calm and reassuring throughout the process. If you’re struggling to trim all the nails in one session, take a break and try again later.

It’s better to keep your rabbit comfortable and stress-free than to rush through the process.

Finally, providing appropriate toys and an enriching environment for your rabbit can help maintain their nails’ length and reduce the frequency of trimming. As a plus, it keeps your rabbit mentally stimulated and healthy.

Other ways to help keep your rabbit’s nails short

In addition to regular nail trimming, there are other techniques you can utilize to help maintain your rabbit’s nail length.

Keeping your rabbit active and providing appropriate surfaces for them to walk or hop on can help naturally wear down their nails.

One convenient way to encourage nail wear is by providing a variety of surfaces for your rabbit to explore, such as concrete slabs or rough tiles.

These surfaces can act as natural files for your rabbit’s nails, and help keep them short as they walk or hop on them. You can place such surfaces in your rabbit’s exercise area or strategically around their habitat.

It is also essential to keep your rabbit engaged and active, as this will naturally contribute to maintaining shorter nails.

Regular play and exercise sessions, both in and out of their cage, will help with this. You can supply your rabbit with toys and obstacles that encourage activity and climbing.

Examples include wooden chew toys, tunnels, and ramps made from untreated wood or cardboard.

Lastly, keeping your rabbit’s living space clean is crucial for their overall health, including their nails.

Ensuring the cleanliness of their cage and bedding reduces the chances of bacterial and fungal infections that could otherwise affect their nails.

In conclusion, following these tips can aid in preventing overgrown nails in your rabbit.

Don’t forget to keep an eye on your rabbit’s nails and schedule regular trims to avoid any complications that could arise from overgrown nails. Your rabbit will appreciate the care you put into maintaining their nails in top condition.

Conclusion

In this step-by-step guide, you’ve learned the necessary steps to safely trim your rabbit’s nails. Nurturing your rabbit’s well-being is of utmost importance, and proper nail care is a crucial aspect of it.

By practicing regular nail trims, you’re contributing to a happier, healthier, and more comfortable life for your pet.

Remember to remain calm and patient during the trimming process, as your rabbit’s comfort will aid in creating a smoother experience.

Ensure you have the proper tools, such as a pair of small animal nail clippers and a styptic powder, at your disposal before beginning the procedure.

While trimming your rabbit’s nails, don’t forget to pay attention to the quick. Identifying the quick is vital, as cutting it may result in discomfort and bleeding.

In case of an accidental quick-cut, have a styptic powder at hand to stop the bleeding immediately.

Lastly, try to make nail-trimming a positive and rewarding experience for your rabbit. Offer treats and gentle praises throughout the process to create a nurturing environment.

With practice and consistency, grooming your pet will become an easier and more pleasant task.

Keep this guide in mind, and you’ll confidently maintain your rabbit’s nail health, contributing to their overall well-being. Happy grooming!

FAQs

Q: How often should I trim my rabbit’s nails?

A: It’s generally recommended to trim your rabbit’s nails every 4-6 weeks. However, the frequency may vary depending on your rabbit’s activity level and the surfaces they spend time on, as these factors can affect how quickly their nails grow.

Q: What type of clippers should I use for trimming my rabbit’s nails?

A: You can use guillotine-style or scissor-style clippers designed for small animals. Some people prefer the scissor-style clippers for better control and accuracy. Be sure to keep the clippers sharp to ensure a clean cut and avoid splitting the nail.

Q: How can I make my rabbit comfortable during nail trimming?

A: The key to keeping your rabbit comfortable during nail trimming is to create a calming environment. Start by finding a quiet space without distractions, where you can sit down with your rabbit. You can try wrapping them in a soft towel, holding them in your lap, or using a rabbit restraint method to keep them still.

Q: How do I know where to cut the nail?

A: When trimming your rabbit’s nails, be sure to avoid cutting the quick, which is the dark, sensitive area inside the nail containing blood vessels and nerves. In rabbits with light-colored nails, the quick is usually visible as a pinkish area. For rabbits with dark-colored nails, shining a light behind the nail can help you locate the quick. As a rule of thumb, cut the nail about 2-3 millimeters away from the quick to prevent injury.

Q: What should I do if I accidentally cut the quick?

A: If you accidentally cut the quick and the nail starts to bleed, don’t panic. Stay calm and apply a styptic powder, cornstarch, or flour to the injured area. This will help stop the bleeding. If the bleeding doesn’t stop within a few minutes, or your rabbit seems to be in excessive pain, contact your vet for further advice.

Remember that practice makes perfect, and soon you’ll be a pro at trimming your rabbit’s nails. Always keep the experience positive and as stress-free as possible for both you and your rabbit.


Maurice Alice

Dr. Maurice Alice is a veterinary expert with over 10 years of experience in exotic animal medicine, specializing in dental care for rabbits and rodents. He is dedicated to providing exceptional care for his patients and is passionate about promoting animal welfare.

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